1900-18 Regent Maharani Girraj Kaur of Bharatpur (India)

Acted for regent for her son Shri Maharaja Sirurijendra Sawaikishnan Singh (1898-1900-29) after her husband was deposed and exiled after the murder of one of his personal servants. Her grandson was Maharaja Brijendra (1918-28-95). She (d. 1922).

1900-13 Ratu Petronella da Costa of Lidak (Indonesia)

Succeeded father, Alexander da Costa, and abdicated in favour of her brother, Raja Josef da Costa (also named Jozef da Costa or Siriman) who had succeeded their mother Ratu Petronella da Costa as ruler of Djeniloe. Two other brothers were also rajas: adopted Raja of Naitimoe and Raja of Fialarang. From 1913 the Dutch merge the small principalities together, because fewer and bigger political entities would make it for the Dutch more easier to rule the area. So in 1914 Naitimoe, Lidak and Djeniloe officially became the new federation Kakoelak Mesak, with Raja Josef da Costa as Raja and the following year he became ruler of the Federation of the Northern Part of Belu.

After 1900 Temporary Ina Latu Mie Pattiradjawane of Makariki (Indonesia)

A member of the Wattimena family, she succeeded Opu Latu Weinand Wattimena, who ruled in 1900. She later married Raja S.F. Pattiradjawane of Kariu at Island of Haruku.

1901-26 H.H. Sikander Saulat, Iftikhar ul-Mulk, Nawab Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal (India)
1901-02 Chief Minister of Bhopal

Also known as Sarkar Amman or Shah Jahan, she succeeded her mother, Sikander Begum. She was a forceful ruler, and reformed the administration of state. She attended the coronation of George V in 1911 dressed in a burqa with her awards worn on the outside. During the trip, she visited Paris, a spa in Bad Nauenheim in Germany, spent a week in Génève and travelled by the Orient Express to Istanbul, where she met the sultan-emperor, Mehmet Reshad. She also visited Hungary, Italy and Egypt where she embarked on her return journey to a Bhopal struck by plague. Later that year she attended the Imperial Dunbar in Delhi. She introduced free compulsory primary education in 1918. Established an Executive and Legislative Council 1922. A great reformer, like her mother and grandmother, she reformed taxation, the army, police, the judiciary and jails, expanded agriculture, and constructed extensive irrigation and public works. She established an appointed state council and legislative assembly, and instigated elections for municipalities. However, her main legacy is public health, by pioneering widespread inoculation and vaccination programmes, improving sanitation, hygiene and the water supply. In 1926 she returned to London to settle the rules of succession in a British court. She abdicated in favour of son while still in London, and after some further legal conundrum, her granddaughter, Abida was declared heir apparent. Sultan Jahan argued in favour of the rights of the firstborn, regardless of gender. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots. After her abdication, she became an advocate of women’s rights, and in 1928 she discarded purdah, and lived (1858-1930).

1901-85 Senior Rani H.H. Sri Patmanabha Sevini, Vanchi Dharma Vardhini, Raja Rajeshwari, Rani Setu Lakshmi Bai Maharaja of Attingal, The Senior Maharani of Travancore (India)
1924-31 Regent of Travancore

Adopted into the Royal House of Travancore by her maternal grandaunt in 1900. In 1924, she became Regent for her infant nephew and was granted the style of Highness and title of Maharani. She abolished animal sacrifice, replaced the matrilineal system of inheritance with the patrilineal one, and was known for making Travancore a progressive state. Married to M.R.Ry. Rama Varma Avargal, Valia Koil Tampuran, and was mother of two daughters. She lived (1895-1985). 

1901-83 Junior Rani H.H. Maharani Setu Parvati Bal of Attingal, The Junior Maharani of Travancore (India)

Sister of Rani Setu Lakshmi Bai. She was granted the personal title of Maharani in 1924 with the style of Her Highness, from 1933. She was Pro-Chancellor of. Travancore University and married to M.R.Ry. Ravi Varma Avargal, Kochu Koil Tampuran. Mother of issue, four sons and one daughter, and lived (1896-1983).

After 1903 Chief Muyelaansime of Nkokolo (Tanzania)

Successor of her brother, Mutitimia, who died 1903, and some time later succeeded by his daughter, Chiefess Ng’endo.

1905-15 Makole I Raja of Tojo (Indonesia)

The Dutch named her RoE, and she was also known as Indo di Salaso.

1905-08 Princess I Njilitimo Aru Baranti of Rapang (Indonesia)

Became ruler after the abdication of her younger brother, La Sadapotto (1904-05), who was also ruler of Sidenreng. She abdicated in favour of a relative, Princess Tanri.I Tanri.

1906-17 Aru I Samatana of Malusetasi (Indonesia)

Succeeded by the male Aru I Makung. The state is also known as Nepo.

Until 1906-15 Regent-Ratu/Magau Yahasia of Biromaru (Indonesia)
1907-15 Magau of Sigi

Her daughter, I Tondai, followed her as ruler of the state.

1906-15 Regent-Ratu/Magau I Tondai of Biromaru (Indonesia)
1907-15 Magau of Sigi

Successor of her father, Daeng Masiri of Sigi, the year after she had followed her mother Yahasia as Regent-Ratu/Magau of Biromaru. I Tondai abdicated in 1915 and the states of Biromaru and Sigi-Dolo merged. She was succeeded by the son of her sister Lamakarate, Datu Pamusu, who was already ruler of Dolo.

1907-11 Rani Imbichi Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)  

Also known as Imbicchi Ali-Adi Raja Bibi, she succeeded brother, Mohamed Ali-Adi Raja as head of the Arakkal dynasty. She was daughter of Rani Hayashabe Adi Raja Bibi who reigned 1838-52 in succession to her mother, Rani Mariambe Adi Raja Bibi, who reigned (1819-38). In 1905 her brother, under the heavy burden of debts to the Empire, agreed to surrender sovereignty and control over Minicoy in the Maldive Islands. He died before the formal transfer. And after an attempt to back track, she finally signed over Minicoy to the Emperor Edward VII on 9 February 1909, backdated to 1 July 1905. Following this, Minicoy was annexed to the District of Malabar.  By she lost the city of Kannur and the Cannanore Cantonment. By 1911 there was further decline with loss of chenkol and udaval.

1907 Rebellion Leader Qiu Jin in China

Also known as Ch’iu Chin, she was one of the pioneers in the fight against the monarchy. She was in exile in Japan until 1906, when she returned to China and worked as a teacher and head mistress at a school, and was busy building up her own army and was supposed to have become leader of the uprising in Shanghai. But the uprising in the other provinces failed, the Imperial Police caught up with her, she was caught, tortured and executed as the first woman, and already in her own time she was seen as a martyr. She lived (ca. 1875-1907).

1908-12 De-facto Co-Regent, H.I.H. Dowager Empress Xiao Ding Jing Long Yu Huagtaihou of China (13.11-06.12)
1911-12 Empress-Regent (6.12-12.2)

Dowager Empress Cixi entrusted a vaguely specified Imperial authority to her and she became the holder of the Imperial Seal and exercised the Imperial authority. In 1911 the regent and father of Emperor Puyi (1906-1908-12-67), Prince Zaifeng, resigned. At 6.12.12 she presided over the final cabinet meeting of the Qing Dynasty and was forced to sign the imperial abdication decree, which abolished the monarchy. Long Yu was niece of Empress Cixi and the childless widow of Emperor Zaitian. She lived (1868-1913).

1908 Lieutenant-Representant H.R.H Grande Duchesse Maria-Anna da Bragança of Luxembourg (19.03-18.11)
1908-1912 Grande Duchesse Regent (18.11-14.06)

Regent during the illness of her husband, Gand Duke Guillaume (19.3.08-25.12.), and the minority of her daughter Grand-Duchess Marie-Adelheide (25.2-14.6). She was born as Infanta of Portugal and Princess of Bragança, mother of six daughters, and lived (1861-1942).

1908-15 President of the Council of Regency Mugabekazi Nidi Ririkumutima of Burundi (Belgian Colony, Later Independent)  
1915-17 Member of the Council of Regency

As Queen Mother (Mugabekazi) she was regent for her stepson, Mutaga IV Mbikije (1903-08-15), and his son Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng (1912-15-66-77). Her full name was, Nidi Ririkumutima Bizama hitanzimiza Mwezi, and she was probably murdered in 1917. Since 1972 the Head of the Sovereign Family has been Crown Princess Rose Paula Iribagiza of Burundi. 

1908-18 Paramount Chiefess Madam Humonya of Nongowa and Panguma (Sierra Leone)

Elected as the successor of her mother, Madam Matolo, but her rule was despotic ad therefore she was not re-elected as Paramount Chiefess in 1918. Perhaps chief of Kenema as well. 10 of Sierra Leone's 146 paramount chiefs were women in the period 1914-70.

1908-42 Princess I We Tanri of Rapang (Indonesia)
1940-42 Adatuwang Regnant of Sawito

Succeeded upon the abdication of her relative, Princess I Njilitimo Aru Baranti, and was married to Prince Andi Madakelleng of Wajo. In Sawito she succeeded her mother, I Ba Eda. She abdicated.

1908-ca. 23 Possible Head of the Sovereign Family Mary Laguna de Perlas of Mosquitos (Nicaragua)

Also Known as Princess Mary Clarence, she was daughter of the last king of the Mosquito Indians, Robert Henry Clarence. The area was in independent kingdom 1661-1861 when it became a Nicaraguan reservation and in 1894 it was incorporated in Nicaragua, and her father abdicated he was Hereditary Chief of Mosquito (1873-91-94-1908), who was deposed twice in 1894. He was son of Princess Victoria, Sister of Inez Ana Frederic and Henry Clarence, a Miskito Indian. In the same period another relative, her father's cousin, Robert Frederick also seems to have been the Heir Apparent to the Headship of the house. Mother of a son with an unknown husband, Morton Laguna de Perlas, perhaps the same as Norton Cuthbert Clarence, who was mentioned as head of the house in 1977.

1908-09 and 1911-13 Politically Influential First Lady Nellie Herron Taft, United State of America

Already influential during her husband's tenure as Commissioner and Governor General to the Philippines 1899-1904. 1904 her husband became Secretary of War and in 1908 he was elected President. Because she strived so diligently in the role of First Lady, she took on too many projects at the same time. In mid-May 1909, she suffered a major stroke while on the presidential yacht, paralyzing her left side and leaving her unable to speak, and her daughter and sisters took over her duties. By 1911 she was back in control. She was very versed in politics, often sitting in on important political discussions and accompanying William on political trips and golf outings. Her husband was Chief Justice from 1921 until his death in 1930, and she spend the rest of her life travelling in Europe, and lived (1861-1943)

1909-25 Politically Active Queen Shahzadi Maleka Jahan Khanum of Persia 

Her name meant "Queen of the World". She was married to her cousin Mohammad Ali Shah who reigned 1907-09 until he was deposed. She was a strong presence, and she was about to reclaim the throne of Persia for her son Soltan Ahmad Shah, (1898-1909-25-30), after he was deposed, but events had conspired against her. Went with her family into exile in Rome, and lived (1875-?).

Until before 1909 Aru Kabe af Alla (or Tobango) (Indonesia)

Head of a Buginese principality Sulawesi. She was the daughter of a brother of two previous male rulers: Aru Patta Mataelo and his successor Aru Mangke. She was succeeded by the son of her sister, Aru I Lorong, who was already ruling for sure in 1909 and died in 1913.

Around 1909 High Chiefess Te-ha'apapa III of Huahine (Tahiti in French Polynesia)

Daughter of Te-ha'apapa II, and proclaimed High Chiefess after the death of her brother, Marama Teri'i-fa'atau.

1910-1926 Datuk I Pancaitana Aru Pancana of Tanette (Indonesia)  

Successor of another woman, Datuk We Tan-ri-Olle, who ascended to the throne in 1855. I Pancaitana was followed by another woman, I Pateka Tana, who was ruler for one year. 

1911-ca. 18 Regent H.H. Svasti Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Sriman Maharajadhiraja Patta Rajninam Bada Maharani Revati Raman Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shahamam Sada Sabhajnabtinam of Nepal

Also known as Ratna Divyeshwari Devi, she became regent after the death of her husband, Prithivi Bir Bikram Shah Deva (1875-81-1911), for her stepson, Tibhubana (1906-11-55). At the time, however, the position of monarch was mainly titular, with real power in the country residing in the powerful, conservative Rana family, which supplied the country with its hereditary prime minister. And tensions between the royal family and the Ranas came to a head during World War I. The Ranas wanted to join the war in support of Britain, which controlled India to the south. She, however, supported the army, which wanted to remain neutral. To win the military's support, the prime minister, Chandra Shumshere Rana, blackmailed the young king into ordering the troops to go to war by holding a gun to his mother's head and threatening to kill her if he did not follow his orders. Over the following years, the king was kept a prisoner in the palace and blackmailed into following the Rana's whims, which included suppressing any attempts at modernization and democratization. She was born as Princess from Rajputana or Kangra.  Born as a Rajput princess from Kangra in Punjab, and lived (1878-1926).

1911-19 De facto-Ruler Khanum Dondogulam of Mongolia 

Influential during the reign of her husband the 8th living Buddha, Jabzandamba Hutagt Bogd Gegeen Ezen Haan (1869-1924), who declared independence from China in 1911. From 1911 real power lay in the hand of Baron Roman Fyodorovich von Ungern (1886-1921) on the one hand and the Chinese governor on the other. Her husband was in office 1911-20 and 1921-24 when the monarchy was abolished. He was the last Holy-King (Bogd Haan) or reincarnated lama ruler.

1911-31-? Politically Influential Queen Gagomakwe of the BaKwena (Botswana)

During times of intrigue and political instability she was the hand of stability during the reign of her husband Kgosi Sechele II (1875-1911-18). She was also the pillar of stability during the reign of her son, Kgosi Kgari I (1931-62) who came to the throne after his brother, Kgosi Sebele II (1918-31), was ousted  by the colonial administration and exiled to Ghazi in 1931.

1911-14 Rebellion Leader Me Katilili of the Giriama Tribe in Kenya

Leader of a rebellion against the British, and lived (1841-1920s).

1912-19 H.R.H. Marie-Adélheïde, By the Grace of God Grande Duchess of Luxembourg, Duchess of Nassau, Countess-Palatine and Electress of the Rhine, Countess of Sayn, Hadenburg, Königstein, Krazenborgen and Dietz, Burgravine of Hammerstein, Dame of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg, Limburg and Eppstein (25.02-14.01)

Marie-Adelheide first reigned under the regency of her mother. In 1914, German troops invaded, in the face of protests from the Grand Duchess and her government. However, the occupation had little effect on the day-to-day government. She saw the death of the Prime Minister, Paul Eyschenin in 1915 as an opportunity to become more involved in the political affairs of the Grand Duchy. In the face of opposition, and in spite of accusations that she was acting outside the spirit of the constitution, she appointed a right-wing minority government. Her actions aroused hostility among the socialists, who had been advocating the abolition of the monarchy since 1907. On the day following the German armistice in 1918, the socialists accused the Grand Duchess of having had a pro-German stance, stemming from her reception of Emperor Wilhelm II in 1914. In January 1919, opposition to the Grand Duchess lead to revolutionary protests, and she was persuaded that she would have to abdicate in order to preserve the monarchy. Her abdication took place on 9 January 1919 and she was succeeded by her sister, Princess Charlotte. Marie-Adelaide became a nun, joining the Carmelite Order in Modena, Italy. She lived (1894-1924).

1912-37 Politically Influential Safiya Zaghlul in Egypt

One of the most powerful women of her period as the wife of the national leader Saad Zaghlul. During his exiles, she took his mantle of leadership and she was his confidant and counsellor. Her father Mustafa Fahmy appointed him Minister of Education in 1906 in 1910 he became Minister of Justice, but two years later he resigned to lead the opposition in the new Legislative Assembly and became its Vice-President. After he was exiled to Malta in 1919, she led a demonstration by more than 500 women, and opened her house for the Wafd Party, and thereby had the opportunity to play a greater role in the movement. During the unrest she became known as "Mother of the Egyptians" (Umm al-Misriyyin). After he was freed, she travelled with her husband to Paris to a conference about Egypt, but the international powers did not support the quest for Egypt’s independence, and in 1921 they returned home. The Wafd continued to organize resistance to the British and the British-backed government, and he was soon exiled again, this time in the Seychelles. She joined her husband in Gibraltar in 1922 and when they returned his party won the elections and he became Prime Minister. After his death in 1927, she continued to play an active role in Wafd politics, choosing a new party leader and guiding him. But after a split in the party in 1937, she retired from politics and resigned her post as head of the Women's Wafd. She was still a public figure but from then on she refrained from involvement in political affairs and refused to take sides in partisan disputes. She lived (1876-1946).

1913-24 Regent Dowager Rani Soubhagyavati Gajara Bai Raje Sahib Bhonsle of Savantwadi (India)

Known as Akka Sahib or Yamuna Bai, she assumed the regency for stepson after the death of her husband, H.H. Raja Shrimant Shriram Savant Bhonsle, Bahadur, Sir Desai of Savantwadi (1871-1913), Born as H.H. Shrimant Akhand of Akalkot as daughter of Meherban Shrimant Shahaji III Raje Maloji II Raje [Baba Sahib] Bhonsle, Raja of Akalkot. Born as Princess of Akalkot in 1887.

Until 1913 Rebellion Leader Muhumusa in Uganda

A healer who lead the women-centered popular movement that led the resistance against European settlers who were attempting to overrule Africans. The socalled Nyabinghi movement. She organized armed resistance against German colonialists and was detained in Uganda in 1913 by the British. The movement was eventually subdued as women's powers were crushed by the authorities.

1914-1918 De Facto In-Charge of the Government Duchess Viktoria Luise von Preussen of Braunschweig und Lüneburg (Germany) (August-8.11)

Acting in the place of her husband Ernst August (1887-1913-18-53), the son of the exiled king of Hannover, Ernst August, Duke of Cumberland and Thyra of Denmark. Her husband was given the title of duke of Braunschweig by her father, Emperor Wilhelm III.  After the death of her husband she feuded with her children, Ernst August, Queen Frederika of Greece and two others over the inheritance and other financial matters and even took them to court. Viktoria Luise lived (1892-1980).

Until 1915 Princess Regnant Andi Pancaetana of Enrekang (Indonesia)

The first known ruler of the Bugis state was Takkebuku. Two other women rulers were Kota and her daughter, Bissu Tonang, but it is not known when any of them reigned.

1916-30 Negiste Nagast Zawditu, Elect of God, Lion of the Tribe of Judah and Queen of Kings of Ethiopia

Also known as Zawditu. Her father, Menelik II, died in 1913 and was succeed by Lij Iyasu, the son of her half-sister Shewa Regga, and she was exiled to the countryside. When he was removed from power the Council of State and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church officially appointed her as his successor. After some years, her husband, Ras Gugsa Welle, was appointed governor of a remote province to limit the influence of her stepmother - and his aunt - Dowager Empress Taytu. And Lij Iyasu, who had escaped captivity, attempted to regain the throne by force, but was not successful. She was conservative, believing in the preservation of Ethiopian tradition, and had the strong backing of the church in this belief. Slowly, however, she began to withdraw from active politics, leaving more and more power to Ras Tafari Makonnen, who was a modernizer. Under his direction, Ethiopia entered the League of Nations, and abolished slavery. She busied herself with religious activities, such as the construction of a number of significant churches. After an uprising against his reforms in 1928, she granted him the title of Regent and the additional title of Negus. In 1930, her husband led a rebellion against Negist Tafari, but was killed in battle. Shortly after she died and was succeeded by Tafari, who took the name Haile Selassie I. She was originally named Askala Mariam, and had by her second husband she had a daughter who lived (1891-95) and by her third another who died at birth in 1906. Married 4 times, she died of diabetes after having lived (1876-1930).

1917-44 11^th Asantehemaa Kwaadu Yaadom II of Asante (Ghana)

Elected Queen Mother after the death of her mother, Yaa Akyaa. In the period 1900-35 there was no Asantehene or king of the Asante. From 1926-35 the kingdom was ruled by chiefs with the title of Kumasehene. The last of those, Otumfuo Nana Osei Agyeman Prempeh II, began his reign in 1931, became Asantehene in 1935, and ruled until 1970. Konadu Yaadom II was followed on the post by her cousin, Nana Ama Sewas Nyaako, who was in office until 1977.

1917-18 Head of the Government Evheniya Bohdanivna Bosch, Ukraine (17.12-09.03)

1917 Chairperson of The Congress of Peasants' Soviets Maria Alexandrovna Spiridonova, Russia

The congress was held in Petrograd on the initiative of the Moscow Co-operative Congress as a meeting of representatives from various peasant organisations and the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. Though it was not fully recognised by the Bohshevik government, the Congress was attended by delegates from 27 gubernias, from the army and from the Central and Petrograd Regional Committees of the Peasant Union and devoted itself to making preparations of the upcoming All-Russian Congress of Peasants' Deputies. She was one of the most prominent leaders of the Russian revolution. A member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, she was a charismatic speaker who spent the summer months in 1917 propagandizing among crowds in both cities and the countryside. She was in the forefront in advocating power to the Soviets - the councils of workers, soldiers and peasants. When the SR Party split, she became the leader of the New Left Socialist Revolutionary Party. She occupied leadership positions in the important revolutionary bodies and was involved in their decision-making processes among others as Mayor of Chita in 1917 and as Leader of the New Left Socialist Revolutionary Party 1917-20. She had been involved in terrorism in 1906 and 1918. In 1918 she was candidate for the post of Chairman of The Constituent Assembly, which was abolished after one day in session. 1919 she was arrested after having lead and anti-Bohshevik rising and spent the rest of her life in Sibiria, where she was shot. She lived (1885-1941).

1917-? Head of the Royal House Princess Ranavalona IV of Madagascar

May possibly have been Head of the Royal House after the death of Queen Ranavalona III. She was daughter of the Queen's older sister, Princess Rasendranoro (1853-1901) who accompanied her into exile together with her daughter Princess Razafinandriamanitra, "Enfant du Bon Dieu", also known as Crown Princess Marie Louise, who lived (1897-1948). Some sources describe her as daughter of Henri Razafinkarefo, who was probably Rasendranoro's son and married to Jennie Marie Waller, daughter of the American consul.

1918-65 H.M. Kuini Sālote Mafile'o Pilolevu Veiongo Tupou III, By the Grace of God Queen of Tonga

Generally known as Queen Salote Tupou III, she was absolute ruler and President of the Privy Council, the 21. Tu’i Kano’kupolu and 1923-65 Head of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga, the National (Methodist) Church. Her husband, Prince Viliami Tupoulahi Tungī Mailefihi, was a member of the nobility and a sideline of the royal family, and held the office of Premier from 1923, until his death in 1941. She then appointed her son, the crown prince, as Premier. He succeeded her as Tauf’ahau Toupu IV (1918-1965-). She brought Tonga to international attention when she attended the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London, endearing herself to the British people by riding through the streets in an open carriage, smiling and waving, in the pouring rain. She was a keen writer and author of countless dance songs and love poems (hiva kakala) as well as majestic lakalaka. She served as Chairman of the Tonga Traditions Committee 1954–1965, patronised the Tonga Red Cross Society. She died 16 December 1965 at Aotea Hospital, Auckland, after a long illness. She was 191 centimetres tall and mother of three sons, and lived  (1900-65).

1918-27 Joint Regent Lady Surma d'Mar Shimun of the Assyrian Nation (Iraq)

Also known as Surma Khanum, she practically became regent after her brother, the Catholics Patriarch of the Church of the East and leader of the Assyrians Mar Benyamin (Benajmin) Shimun, was assassinated by a Kurdish rebel and succeeded by her younger brother, Mar Paulus Shimun XXII. In 1918 she was invited by British authorities to present the Assyrian question in London and she also attended the Treaty of Versaille negotiations. The descendants of the Assyrian Empire had lived as a semi-independent nation in the Kurdish mountains, but they were massacred and driven out by the Ottomans in 1915. In return they were promised an independent homeland by Britain, France, and Russia in 1918 in Northern Iraq  - the Mosul district - but this promise was not fulfilled. Her brother died of tuberculosis 1920 and was succeeded by his 12 years old nephew, Mar Ishaia Shimun XXIII, (1908-75) (also assassinated). When he went to school in England until 1927, she assisted the Metropolitans Mar Yosip Khnanishoo of Rustaqa in Church affairs and was in charge of the secular affairs together with her brother, General David d'Mar Shimun, and father of the Patriarch. Throughout her nephew's life she continued to act as a consultant, given her temporal and secular expertise. 1928 she hesitantly accepted an O.E.B. from the British authorities. At the time of the disturbances in 1933 in Iraq, the Patriarchal family were taken to Cyprus, where they remained until 1949 when they moved to USA. Because of the Patriarchal succession from uncle to nephew for more then 650 years, she was the niece, great niece, etc. to numerous Patriarchs. (d. 1975).

1919-64 HRH. Charlotte, By the Grace of God Grande Duchesse of Luxembourg, Duchess of Nassau, Countess-Palatine and Electress of the Rhine, Countess of Sayn, Hadenburg, Königstein, Krazenborgen and Dietz, Burgravine of Hammerstein, Dame of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg, Limburg and Eppstein
1940-44 Leader of the Government-in-Exile from London (10.05-10.09)

When her sister, Marie-Adelaide, abdicated, support for the monarchy was at an all-time low and it was made clear that, if the monarchy were to survive at all, Charlotte would have to remain above political affairs. The Constitution was amended, limiting the monarch's formal powers. These acts restored the reputation of the monarchy, and in a referendum on 28.09 1919, 77.8% voted in favour of the monarchy. On 10.05 1940 the German Army invaded, and she went into exile with her family, determined to avoid capture by the Germans, and eventually settled in London, where the exile-government was already operating. She maintained contact with her people through regular radio broadcasts on the BBC. The years following the war were marked by a period of reconstruction, during which the Grand Duchess symbolised the solidarity of the Luxembourg people. She made numerous official visits abroad, promoting her small nation's position on the international stage. During the 1950s, she sold off many of the family's properties in Germany, including Biebrich Palace in Wiesbaden and Hohenburg Castle in Bavaria, reinforcing Luxembourg's position as the permanent home of the grand-ducal family. In 1961 her son, Jean, was appointed regent and in 1964 she abdicated in his favour. Married to Prince Felix de Bourbon-Parma (1893-1970), and mother of six children. She lived (1896-1985).

1919-29 Politically Influential H.M. Queen Soraya Shah of Afghanistan

Influenced her husband, King Amanulluh Shah, who was one of the most liberal rulers of the country. He abolished slavery, liberalized the family code, child marriage was limited; women got right to choose their own husband, etc. In 1928 Soraya and her daughters appeared unveiled. Conservative forces forced her husband to abdicate in 1929, and they went into exile first in India and then in Rome. She was his third husband, he married two more times, and lived (1892-1960) She was the daughter of Mahmud Beg Tarzi, sometime Minister for Foreign Affairs, and lived (1897-1968).

192..-1952 Maori Leader Princess Te Kirihaehae Te Puea Hērangi in New Zealand

After the devastating influenza epidemic of 1918, she gathered up 100 orphaned children and founded the community at Ngàruawahia now known as Tùrangawaewae. King Koroki V was a reluctant leader, and she provided the strength that drove the tribe forward. Raising money to buy back confiscated land she rebuilt Turangawaewae marae as a central bastion at Ngaruawahia. She ensured that every member marae held their poukai gatherings each year to maintain the solidarity needed to keep the fires of hope burning that one day justice would return the Raupatu lands. She had no offspring with her husband, Rewi Tumoko Katipa, but she adopted many children, and she groomed her grandniece, the Maori Queen Te Ata from 1966-2006. The daughter of Tahuna Herangi and Princess Tiahuia, and grand-daughter of King Tawhiao, she  was made a Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1937, and lived (1884 - 1952).

1920 Regent H.M. Dowager Queen Olga of Greece (18.11-11.12)

Born HIH Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna Romanova of Russia, she was acting head of state after her grandson Alexander I (1917-20) had died after a monkey bite, until her son Contantinos I returned to take over the throne a second time - he reigned (1913-17) and (1920-22). She lived (1851-1926).

1920-21 Joint Proprietor Ann Eliza Jennings Carruthers of Swain Island (American Samoa)

Managing owner together with her brother, Alexander Hutchinson Jennings from 1891, and was married to the Britton, Irving H. Carruthers, who had been named executor and trustee, and they lived in American Samoa. The 3.25 square kilometre ring of land surrounding a brackish lagoon never recognized by the international community, that behaved as an independent state until 1925, when annexed by the USA. Culturally and geographically it belongs to the Tokelau Islands, but today it is part of American Samoa, and is still owned by the Jennings family. She lived (1897-1923).