Until 1870 Rani Regnant U Ka Sar of Nobo Sohphok Khasi  (India)

Ruler of the Matriarchal and Matrilineal Khasi Hill tribal people in Assam in the North of India.

1870-86 Adatuwang Regnant Pasule Daeng Bulaeng of Sawito, Datu of Suppa (Indonesia)

Daughter of La Pancaitana, Adatuang of Sawito, Arung of Rappang and Datu of Suppa; she married La Tan-ri Suki, Arung Kajaura, and Prince of Bone. Her daughter I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara Hadi Abel Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa was regent for her infant son, the Sultan of Bone, before succeeding Pasule's brother as Datu of Supa in 1860. Pasule was succeeded in Sawito by the male ruler Palagau Aru Patojo, who reigned until 1902.

1870s-1889 Tononu Visesgan of Abomey (Benin)

In 1863 she was an assistant to Yavedo and by the 1870s she had emerged as the most influential woman in the palace. She "commanded" all the women of the court, and was the richest woman at court because of her successful trade endeavours. She was engaged in various succession-struggles, and emerged as a powerful spokesperson for accommodation with the French, in opposition with the heir, Behanzin, who seized her property in revenge after becoming king. Local court records from the early 1900s attests to her attempts to maintain control over women who had been granted to her by Gélé. 

1870-76 and 1879-83 Reigning Abbess-General María Pilar Ugarte of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)

1871-72, 1876-77 and 1887-88 The Princess Imperial Regent Isabel da Bragança e Borbon of Brazil
1889-1921 Titular Empress and Head of the Imperial Family of Brazil

Officially declared Heir to the Throne on 10.8.1850 and was regent during her father, Dom Pedro II's stays abroad. During her last regency she signed the abolition of the slavery. In 1889 her father abdicated and Brazil became a republic, and she went in exile in France, living at her husband's estate in Eu. She died on the boat on the way to Brazil in 1921 and was succeeded by her grandson, Pedro Henriques d'Orléans e Bragança (1909-81) who was later succeeded by his son Luiz. She lived (1846-1921).  

1871-95 H.H. I-Banri Sultana Siti Fatima, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia)

Styled Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta before she succeeded her father, Ahmad Singkarru Rukka Arung Palakka. She married I-Magulaga Karaeng Popo, Prince of Gowa (d. 1902), whose mother was I-Tenri Pada Sultana Siti Aisha [Besse-Barru], Arung of Barru, daughter of To' Patarai Sumanga Rukka, Arung of Barru. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and her half-brother succeeded her. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and she was mother of a son and a daughter, and (d. 1895).

1871 "Queen" María Uicab of Tulum (Mexico)

A Mayan woman living on the Yucután Peninsula, who was known as the patron saint of Tulum, and was given the title of Queen. In 1871 the sacred Mayan ruins of the city of Tulum became an Indian shrine where a  "talking cross" was set up, and placed in the care of Maria.

1871-82 Military Leader Bartolina Sisa Vargas in Bolivia

When the indigenous insurgency Aymara-Quishwa of 1781 broke out, her husband, Tupaj Katari (Julian Apaza), was proclaimed Viceroy of the Inca, she was proclaimed vicereine in her own right. During the Siege of La Paz, the hierarchical level of management was shared between Tupaj Katari and Bartolina Sisa in equal conditions. In this way Bartolina was widely accepted and recognized by the immediate, intermediate, and superior leadership levels. She was executed when the insurgency was put down after 11 years. (She lived 1850/53-82).

1871-83 and 1885-88 Guardian Dowager Hereditary Princess Helene in Bayern of Thurn und Taxis (Germany)

The widow of Herdidaty Prince Maximilian, who died 1867, she was guardian and administrator of the estates of her sons, Maximilian (1862-71-85) - who succeeded his grandfather, Maximilian Karl - and Albert (1867-1952). One of her sisters was Empress Elisabeth of Austria-Hungary (Sisi) another, Elisabeth, married the King of Bavaria. Helene was born as Herzogin in Bayern and lived (1834-90). 

1872-73 and 187..-18.. Sultan Singa Madi Jimba Aicha of M'Bude (Comoro Islands)

In 1873 she was taken as a captive to Itsandra. As she was however treated well and even married Mussafubu it is possible that she has continued to be Sultan in Name. In this case her successor, Jumbe Boina Fumu, was possibly only a kind of governor. In 1880 she submitted to Saidi Ali of the Comoros. She was succeeded by Jema Niema bint Jumbe Fumu at a not known date.

1873-88 High Chiefess H.R.H. Princess Teari'i-maeva-rua II of Bora Bora (Thaiti/French Polynesia)

Daughter of King Pomare V, she succeeded her aunt as Chiefess of Bora Bora Porapora). She was deposed by the French, and married her first cousin, H.R.H. Prince Teri'i-Hinoi-a-tua Pomare (1869- 1916), and lived  (1871-1934).

1873-1901 Guerrilla Leader "Ibu Perbu" Tjoet Njak Dien in Aceh (Indonesia)

"Ibu Perbu" means Queen, and in 1862 she married Teuku Ibrahim Lamnga. In 1873 Her father and husband joined the fight against the Dutch, and she followed them into the jungle. After both her father and husband was killed and the Indonesian forces defeated by the Dutch, she took over both her late husband’s and father’s army commands and led them in guerrilla warfare Her second husband was Teuku Umar, who was another relative. They led the two armies into a series of successful assault missions. In 1899 her husband was killed in battle, and she was again left to lead the rebel army alone, and retreated further into the jungle. She continued to lead the fight until the army was destroyed in 1901. One of her followers, Pang Laot Ali, felt sorry for her condition, hoped that the Dutch might give medical treatment for her. He deserted to the Dutch and bought the Dutch army into her camp in Beutong Le Sageu. They were completely caught by surprise and fought to the last man and woman except for Gambang and herself. It was only due to her blindness that she was captured and even then she held a rencong (a traditional Acehnese dagger) in her hand trying to fight the enemy. Her daughter Gambang, however escaped deep into the jungle, where it is known that she continued the resistance until her death, which is believed to have taken place in 1910. Dien spend the rest of her life teaching the Koran in Sumedang, West Java. She lived (1848-1908). In 1964 she was declared a National Hero.

1874 Candidate for the Throne Dowager Queen Emma Kaleleonalani of Hawaii

Born as Chiefess Emma Kekelaokalani Young Nae’a, and married king Kamehameha IV, and after his death she was one of the candidates to succeed him in the vote held by the parliament. Their only son had died in1862 at the age of 4. She lived (1836-85).

1875-83 Arung Raja Daeng Mangkau of Pengatan and Kusan (Indonesia) 

More or less a regent for her 2nd son Raja Arung Abdurakhim Andi Sallo (Ca. 1867-1892-1908). She was daughter of Arung Palewan Abdul Rakhim (1838-1855). Her childless brother, Raja Arung Abdul Karim, (1855-1871) was succeeded by her minor son, Raja Arung Abdul Jabar, who died 5-4-1875 still as a minor. She was married with Pangeran Muda Mohammad Arifillah Aji Samarang of Cengal, Menungul and Bangkalaan. After her death the Prime minister was regent until he was murdered in 1885.The husband of her daughter Andi Tangkung; Daeng Mahmud, became regent of the Buginese principality in South Eastern-Borneo/Kalimantan, which originated from South Western Celebes/Sulawesi until 1892.

1875-1908 Aru I Batari Toja of Barru (Indonesia) 

The Dutch officially recognized her succession after the death of her mother, Tenripada Siti Aisa, in 1876. She abdicated in favour of her son, I Jonjo Karaeng Limbangparang, who ruled until 1955).

1875-1926 Chief Advisor Queen Nenzima of Mangbetu (Congo)

Chief advisor of four kings, among others her husband, Chief Okondo of Mangbetu, who ruled the territory in Northern Congo (now Democratic Republic of Congo) until 1915. Nenzima lived (ca. 1840-1926). 

1875 Chief Rosana Chouteau of the Osage Beaver Band (USA) 

Elected chief after the death of her uncle.

1876 Şevkefza Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Covering Turkey, parts of the Balkans, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa)

1876-87 Perestü Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Covering Turkey, parts of the Balkans, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa)

1877-80 De-facto Ruler Queen Jeanne Marau Taaroa of Tahiti (French Polynesia)

Her supporters tried to have her named successor to her mother-in-law Pomare IV, but the French insisted that her husband, Pomare V became king. He abdicated in 1880 and they divorced in 1888, but she remained very influential until her death. She lived (1846-1934).

1878-1908 Queen Madam Yoko of Kpaa Mende and Seneghum, (Sierra Leone)

Known as Mammy Yoko, she was a brilliant and ambitious woman who used her friendship with the British to gain control of Kpaa Mende. As a child, she was called Soma but acquired the name Yoko at her Sande initiation where she attracted admiration for her beauty and graceful dancing. After an unsuccessful first marriage, Yoko became the wife of Gbenjei, Chief of Taiama; and although she was barren, Gbenjei made Yoko his head wife. When Gbenjei died, Yoko married Gbanya Lango, a powerful war-chief at Senehun. In 1875, she saved her husband from a long imprisonment under the British by making a personal appeal to the Governor, who was charmed by her beauty and feminine graces. Afterwards, Gbanya used Yoko in diplomatic missions to the British and to other chiefs.
After the deaths of Gbanya she became the "Queen of Senehun". Within a few years, she had brought all of the Kpaa Mende region (now fourteen chiefdoms) under her nominal control through alliances, warfare, and her ability to call on the support of friendly British troops. She established a famous Sande bush in Senehun where she trained girls from throughout Kpaa Mende, sometimes giving the most beautiful in marriage to sergeants of the Frontier Police or to important chiefs. When the British declared their Protectorate in 1898, Madam Yoko commanded her people to pay the new tax — but her sub-chiefs rebelled. They held a secret meeting, blaming Yoko for "spoiling the country" by supporting the British police, taxes, and forced labour. Yoko took refuge in the police barracks that withstood several attacks by her own subjects, and she was later awarded a silver medal for her loyalty by Queen Victoria. Madam Yoko ruled as a Paramount Chief in the new British Protectorate until 1906, when it appears that she committed suicide at the age of fifty-five. If true, her reasons have never been altogether clear. A British official wrote that she had obtained all there was to be had in life — love, fame, wealth, and power — and felt there was nothing more to look forward to. But her attempts to manipulate the British for her own ends had turned around on her. She had lost the support of her people, and perhaps she was bored and saw nothing challenging in Britain's new and tightly controlled protectorate. She lived (ca. 1849-1908).  

1878-85 De-facto ruler Queen Supayalat of Burma 

The daughter of King Mindon Min, she was married to her half-brother, Thibaw. In 1882 she assumed full control over the government of Upper Burma, and her rule was described as "sharp as a razor." Thibaw was young, inexperienced, and effete. According to one of Supayalat’s maids of honour, "No one could stand against her when she was angry … It were better to face a tigress. Every one bent and shivered before her, and whatever orders she gave were carried out. The King was but a foolish school-boy before her." She is believed to have initiated the murder of around 100 members of the royal family. The situation was difficult with internal warfare and in 1885 Britain invaded the country and forced the king and Queen in exile in India. She had three daughters and lived (1859-1925).

Until 1878 Raja of Togean (Indonesia)

The principality is situated in an island group. Her name is unknown.

1878-80 Governor of Hawaii HRH Princess Miriam Kapili Likelike Kekaukuohi of Hawaii (USA)

Sister of King David La'amea Kamanakapu'u Mahnulani Nalaiaehu-o-kalani Lumialani Kalakaua I and Queen Lydia Kamakaeha Liliu-o-Kalani. She was mistress of 'Āinahau, the 40.000 square kilometre big royal estate. Granted the title of HRH Princess in 1874 and was mother of Crown-Princess Victoria Kauilani Kalaninuiahilakalapa Kawekiu-i-Lunalilo' (1875-95) who was heiress to the throne from 1891. Princess Miriam lived (1851-87).

1878... Regent Warquito Mastawat of Gera Walo (Ethiopia)

Ruled in the name of chief Muhammad Ala, who became Ras Mika'el in 1878. The boarder state was incorporated into Ethiopia in 1896.

1878-91 Proprietor Malia Jennings of Swain Island (American Samoa)

Until ca. 1879 Queen Regnant Moh' of Guma (Ethiopia)

One of the boarder states, that were independent or under Ethiopian suzerainty before being incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire. Guma was part of the group of Giba States.

1879 Regent Princess Ivaki of Igunda (Tanzania)

Reigned in the name of her son, Chief Ikviaki, who succeeded her father. 

1879-99 Ratu Petronella da Costa of Djenilu (Indonesia)

Also known as Djeniloe it was a principality in the northern part of Belu-area, which is an area in the middle of the island of Timor, bordering East-Timor. She married Raja Rinoe Misek alias Alexander da Costa (1880-1900) of nearby lying principality of Lidak, who was succeeded by their daughter, who was also named Ratu Petronella da Costa.

1881 and 1890-91 Crown Princess Regent Lydia Kamakaeha Liliu'okalani of the Hawaiian Islands
1891-95 H.M. Liliu’okalani, By the grace of God, Queen of the Hawaiian Islands
1895-1917 Head of the Sovereign Family

Before succeeding to the throne she acted as regent for 10 months during her brothers trip to Europe. After the American occupation Queen Liliu'okalani was Head of the Sovereign Family of Hawai'i. A strong nationalist, she tried to replace the Bayonet Constitution with one which would favour native Hawaiians, but was intimidated her into letting the old constitution stand. In January 1893, armed troops were sent ashore from a warship in Honolulu Harbour, and she was forced to surrender her throne. A provisional government took control of Hawaii. Crown Princess Kaiulani went to Washington to appeal for help. In 1894 the Republic of Hawaii was established with Sanford Dole as its President. In 1895 native Hawaiians, led by Robert Wilcox, revolted in an attempt to return the Queen to power. After 10 days of fighting, Wilcox and most of the other royalists were captured. They were sentenced to death, but saved by intervention of the U.S. government. Firearms were discovered buried in the Queen's flower garden, and she was arrested. For eight months she was held prisoner in one room of the Iolani Palace. Upon her release she went to Washington and was warmly welcomed by President Cleveland, who was unable to help her. Married to Lieutenant-General H.R.H. John Owen Dominus, Prince Consort of Hawaii (1832-91), but had no children and therefore her late sister's daughter, Princess Victoria, was heir 1891-1898 until her death. Liliu’okalani lived (1831-1917).

1880-83 Payung e-ri Luwu Datuk Opu Anrong Guru of Luwu (Indonesia)

Succeeded her nephew, Abdul Karim To Barue. The ceremonial name given to her after her death was MatinroE-ri-Tamalulu.

1880-1902 Princess Regnant Anna Elisabeth Aunoni of Amfoan (Indonesia)

1880-86 Queen Hompa Mpande of Uukwangali (Namibia)

In the Kavango, Uukwangali Queen Mpande succeeded King Mpasi who died in 1880. She was the ninth in the recorded genealogy of the Uukwangali kings and Queens. Hompa Mpande ruled the Uukwangali area until her death in 1886. Mpande was followed by King Himarua who ruled until 1910.  

1880-84 Governor of Hawaii HRH Princess Victoria Kinoike Kekaulike of Hawaii (USA)

Daughter of HH Princess Kinoike Kekaulike and Alii Kuhio Kalaniana'ole, she was married to Alii David Kahalepouli Piikoi and mother of two sons. In 1891 the oldest, HRH Prince David La'amea Kahalepouli Kawananakoa, was appointed Heir Presumptive after HRH Princess Victoria Kauilani. After her death in 1899 he was second-in-line for the Hawaiian throne. He died in 1909 and therefore his son, Prince David succeeded Queen Lydia Kamakaeha Liliu-o-Kalani as head of the royal house in 1917. Princess Victoria lived (1843-84). 

1880-95 Governor of Kauai HRH Princess Virginia Kapo'oloku Po'omaikelani of Hawaii (USA)
1888-95 Guardian of the Royal Tombs 

She was daughter of HH Princess Kinoike Kekaulike and Alii Kuhio Kalaniana'ole and married to Hiram Kahanawai, a cousin of King Kalakaua. She lived (1839-95).

1881-93 Regent Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Walet Kancha Maharani Lalit Rajeshwori Rajya Lakshmi Devi of Nepal

Also known as Tower Sri Panch or Crown Princess Lalit Rajyalaximi, she reigned in the name of her son H.H. Svasti Sri Giriraja Chakra Chudamani Narayanetyadi Vividha Virudavali Virajamana Manonnata Projjwala Nepal Tara Mahadhipati Shriman Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Maharajadhiraja Prithvi Bir Bikram Jang Bahadur Shah Bahadur Shamsher Jang Devanam Sada Samaja Vijayinam, Maharajadhiraja of Nepal, (1875-81-1911), who succeeded grandfather. Her husband General H.H. Crown Prince (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajadhiraj) Trailokya Bir Bikram Shah Deva had died in 1878. Maharani Lalita was the second daughter of the Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski, Sir Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji, Prime Minister of Nepal 1846-56 and 1857-77 and sometime Commander-in-Chief of Nepal. She lived (1854-1917).

1881-1902 Datuk I-Madellung Karaeng Kajuwara, Datu of Supa (Ajataparang) (Indonesia)

Succeeded her mother, Bassee Kajuwara Hadie Abel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseemba, who ascended the throne in 1860. She was succeeded by nephew and husband of her daughter Besse Bulo, H.H. Haji Andi La Mappanjuki Karaeng Silayar Sri Sultan Ibrahim ibnu Sultan Husain, who was Arumpone of Bone in 1931-46 and 1950-60 trough his mother We Tan-ri Padarang, Princess of Alita, eldest daughter of H.H. La Parenrengi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad, Arumpone of Bone. Madellung (d. 1902).

1881-8.. Sultan Mouna Chamou bint Mugné Mku of Mitsamhuli  (Comoro Islands)

It might have been her second reign. She was succeeded by the male sultan,  Bwana Fumu, who reigned until 1888. 

1881-84 High Chiefess Rere-ao Te-hau-roa-ari'i of Ra'iatea and Taha'a (Tahiti in French Polynesia)

Succeeded her father, and crowned at Uturoa Church. Died unmarried.  

1881-91 Owner Emma Forsayth of Takuu (Mortlock) Island (Papua New Guinea)

Known as Queen Emma, she was of American and Samoan parentage, which settled in the Duke of York Islands in 1879 and founded a widespread trading "empire". She bought the Takuu islands the islands from the chief of the Mortlocks, for four axes and 10 lb of tobacco. Her brother-in-law, R.H. R. Parkinson, helped establish commercial coconut growing. Both Parkinson, and ethnographer Churchill who visited briefly in 1884, remarked on the many abandoned house sites there and on the number of 14-meter canoes, similarly abandoned and fallen into decay for lack of men to handle them. Emma's brother, William Coe, became the first resident trader on the atoll. He moved on to another of her stations after several years. In 1891 she gave the islands, as a wedding gift to one of her sisters and her husband, Joseph Highly. 

1881-94 Politically Influential Czarina Maria Feodorovna of Russia

Fulfilled her new role to perfection, bringing an enormous degree of elegance to the court. She also indirectly influenced her husband, Alexander III's deep suspicion of Bismarck and Hohenzollern Germany. She was Head of the Russian Red Cross and continued her charities and was constantly seen visiting hospitals and comforting wounded soldiers. It was during this time, when Russia's government seemed adrift, that the Dowager Empress lost complete faith in her daughter-in-law's involvement in governing the empire. After the revolution she spend her last years in exile in Hvidøre outside Copenhagen and never accepted the faith of her children and grandchildren. She was daughter of King Christian IX and Louise von Hessen-Kassel of Denmark. Her sister was Queen Alexandra of United Kingdom and her younger brother, Wilhelm, was elected king of Greece and took the name of Georg. Born as Princess Dagmar of Denmark, she was mother of five children, and lived (1847-1928). 

1882 Politically Influential Duchess Woizero Bafena of Ethiopia

Married to Prince Menelik, and was widely regarded as a plotting ambitious arriviste, Bafena earned the resentment of almost all of Menelik's relatives and followers. At some point she used Menelik's seal to issue false decrees, seized the treasure of the House of Shewa with many arms and transferred them to the fortress at Tamo. She also transferred a royal prisoner, Dejazmatch Meshesha Seyfu, Menelik's cousin and rival claimant to Tamo as well. Her intention was to put her own son from a previous marriage on the throne, removing any threat from Meshesha Seyfu as well. However, Meshesha Seyfu was able to win the loyalty of the soldiers in Tamo, who turned on Bafena and ended her plot. It was suspected that Emperor Yohannis had a hand in encouraging these plots. Meshesha Seyfu and Menelik were reconciled and Bafena admitted her guilt, blaming her actions on jealousy aroused by Menelik's attentions to the lovely young Wolete Selassie who had become his mistress. Bafena, already widely hated at court was banished in disgrace. However, a temporary reconciliation between Menelik and his wife was arranged by her friends. This attempt at reconciliation failed, largely because Menelik recognized that he needed an heir, and that Bafena was too old to produce more offspring. They were formaly separated.

1883-97 H.M. Ranavalona III, by the grace of God and the will of the people, Queen of Madagascar, and Protectrice of the laws of the Nation
1897-1917/22 Head of the Sovereign Family

Her personal name was Razafindraheti and she reigned as Ranavalo Manyaka III or Ranavalona. First married to prince Ratrima. After her succession to the throne, she married Premier Rainitairarivoy, who had also been married to the Queens Rasoherina and Ranavalona II and was the real ruler of the country. She had the misfortune to be caught up in the endgame of the manoeuvring that had been going on between the British and French since the beginning of the century. In 1885, she signed a treaty with France giving them various rights and concessions, which were deemed sufficient excuse to declare a protectorate over the entire island, which was recognized by Britain in the Anglo-French agreement of 1890. In 1894, the Queen and her government refused to follow French orders, and in 1895 the French sent an expeditionary force, which occupied Antananarivo with very little resistance. Rainilaiarivony was sent into exile immediately and died the following year, but the Queen and much of her administration remained, even after the official declaration of Madagascar as a French colony in August 1896. An insurrection followed soon after, the Queen's court was accused of encouraging it, and General Gallieni abolished the monarchy in February 1897. Ranavalona was deposed and sent to the island of Réunion. She adopted two of her sisters' daughters Princess Ranalavola and Rasoherina, and lived (1861-1917).

Around 1884 Sultan Mzade Badgini binti Munké Mwembwani of Badgini (Bajini) (Comoro Islands)

Ascended to the throne after the death of Umam wa Dari, who reigned (1852-84) and was succeeded by Khadija.   

Ca. 1884, 1884-8.. and 1887-ca.88 Sultan Khadija binti Mugné Mku of Badgini (Bajini) (Comoro Islands)

It is not clear what happened to her after Hachimu bin Mugne Mku seized power in 1885, After he had been driven out in 1887 she was first arrested but later reinstalled as Sultane by Saidi Ali of the Comoros and French. Later she is known to have been in exile in 1888 and to have joined Hachimu the following year. (d. 1889). 

1884-1917 10th Asantehemaa Nana Yaa Akyeaa of Asante (Ghana)

Mother the kings Kwaku Dua (1860-84) the 12^th Asantahene in 1884, of Premph I (1888 and grandmother of Premph II. She had through strategic political marriages built the military power to secure the Golden Stool for her son. The British authorities offered to take the Asante under their protection, but Prempeh refused each request.  In 1896 the British authorities entered Kumase and arrested Prempeh and Yaa Akayaa as well as Prempeh's father, and they were all send in exile. Succeeded as 11^th Asantehemaa by daughter, Konadu Yaadom II, who was in office until 1944. Yaa Akyaa lived (ca. 1837-1917).  

1885-86 Queen-Governor and Regent of the Realm H.M. Doña María Cristina de Austria y Austria-Este of Spain 
1886-1902 Queen Regent

Regent of Spain and its colonies, first during the vacancy of the throne and pending the gestation of a posthumous heir - her son Alfonso XIII (1886-1931-41), who was born 6 months after the death of her husband Alfonso XII. As President of the Council of State she was in close contact with the Premier and the other ministers. Politically the period was characterized, by constant switching of terms in office by the liberal and conservative political parties. Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico were lost to USA. During her term in office, a wavering policy was used for facing the problems in Morocco during the first war of Melilla, (1893). Also, by agreement with France, the borders of the Spanish Continental Guinea were established, (1900). The regent was always highly esteemed because of her great discretion and tact and, after her son came of age, she devoted herself exclusively to family life and charitable works. María Cristina was born as Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess of Austria-Hungary, Princess of Este and had been Princess-Abbess of Prague 1875-79, and lived (1859-1929).