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Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership
WOMEN
IN POWER
1250-1300
Female
leaders
and women in other positions of political authority
of independent states and
self-governing understate entities
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1250-1315 Sovereign Countess Marguerite
de Neuilly
of Passava and Akova (Greece) |
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The
county was known as Passe-avant at the time, and she succeeded her
father, Jean II.
She first married Guibert de Cors, then Guglielmo da Verona, Lord
of that part of Eubœa around Oreos and thirdly to
Jean de Saint-Omer of Thebes. She
was sent as a hostage to Constantinople in 1262 to secure the release of
Guillaume de Villehardouin Prince of Achaia, whose niece she was. In Akova she was the
heiress of her uncle Gautier II de Rozières, baron of Akova (Matagrifon) but was
unable to claim her inheritance within 2 years and 2 days due to her absence and
Prince Guillaume therefore declared her inheritance forfeit. Her third husband
demanded the return of her inheritance, which was refused by a specially
summoned parliament at Glarentza. Prince Guillaume granted 1/3 of the barony to
Marguerite as a concession, granting the other two-thirds to his own daughter
Marguerite. She was daughter of Jean de Neuilly, Baron
of Passava. |
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1250-96 Sovereign Princess Felicia dalle Carceri of Karysto
and
Sovereign Countess
of
The Second Triarchy of Euboea |
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Succeeded brother-in-law. From 1276-96 The Byzantine Empire ruled the
state with her as vassal. She reigned jointly with Otto de Cicone.
Succeeded by Licarius. |
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1250-54 Sovereign Countess Yolande de Châtillon
of Tonnerre (France) |
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Successor of her brother, married to Archambaud
IX de Bourbon, succeeded by daughter, Mathilde II, even though her
grandmother, Mathilde I de Courtenay was still alive. Yolande
lived (ca. 1221-1254). |
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1251-55
Regent Dowager Duchess
Catherine de Limbourg
of Lorraine (France)
1251-55 Reigning Dowager Lady of Bitche and Gondreville |
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After the death of her
husband, 1225 Mathieu II (1193-1251), she became regent for their son,
Ferry III (1240-1302), and her term in office was marked by warious
conflicts with local magnates and cities. She was daughter of Countess
Ermesinde de Luxembourg and Count Waléran III de Limbourg,
mother of 5 children, and lived (ca. 1215-55). |
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1251-67 Hereditary Duchess Margarethe von Babenberg of
Österreich (Austria) |
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After her brother, Friedrich's death in 1246 she was the heir of
Österreich and Steiermark, but her niece, Gertrud and husband, held
the duchy in a titular capacity until she and her second husband,
Premysl Otakar II of Bohemia (1230-78), prevailed in the fight for the
succession. She was the widow of King Heinrich of Germany (1211-27-42)
and in 1261 her second husband disowned her. Both her sons predeceased
her. She lived (1204-67). |
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After 1251 Mahamandalesvara Ganapamba of Guntur (India) |
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Initially Joint sovereign with her husband, her title after 1251
indicates an individual reign. She was daughter of emperor Ganapati in
Andhra, who was succeeded by her older sister, Rudradeva, who reigned
from 1259. |
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Ca. 1251-before 98 Sovereign Lady
Marchesina Ghisi of
Skyros, Skiathos and Skopelos
(Greece) |
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Succeeded her father, Geremia Ghisi, the
Lord of Andros.
Married to Lorenzo Tiepolo who was elected Doge of Venice in 1268. Her
sister, Isabetta was Heiress of the island of Amorgos. |
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Ca. 1251-? Sovereign Lady
Isabetta
Ghisi of Amorgos
(Greece) |
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She succeeded her father, Geremia Ghisi, the Lord of Andros.
Married to her first cousin, Filippo Ghisi. Her sister, Marchesina
Ghisi, inherited the Lordships of
Skyros, Skiathos and Skopelos |
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1251-87 Politically Influential Princess Eufemia of Poland
Minor of Oppeln-Ratibor (Opole-Racibórz) (Poland) |
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Politically active during reign of her husband Duke Władysław I of
Opole. The daughter of Władysław Odonic, Duke of Małopolska and
Jadwiga, she was mother of 5 children, and lived (1239-87). |
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1251-52 Politically Influential Dowager Khanum Sorghaghtani
Beki of The Qagans of the Khanate of the Eastern Turkiut (Xinjiang),
of Qara Khitai (Covering present day's China, Mongolia, Tibet,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan) and of Khurasan (Iran) |
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As
the daughter-in-law of Chinggis Khan, she pointed out that future
khans ought to be Chinggis' direct descendants. The powerful nobles
quickly sided with her against the regent, Khanum Oghul, and her
eldest son Mongke emerged as victor. He was enthroned in 1251, setting
in place the accession of the future rulers of the Mongolian Empire
through the Tolui line. Throughout the first year of her son's rule,
her influence and teaching was felt. She had ensured that her sons
received proper training and the skills in combat and administration
necessary to rule empires. Although she herself was illiterate, she
gave them an education. Understanding what Khubilai Khan would need to
rule China, she introduced him to the concepts of Confucian thought.
Herself she was a Nestorian Christian who patronized a variety of
foreign religions. She was daughter of Jakha Gambu Khan of the Kerate
Tribe. She (d. 1252). |
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1251-? Warrior Princess Khutulun of The Qagans in the Khanate
of the Eastern Turkiut (Xinjiang), of Qara Khitai (Covering present
day's China, Mongolia, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan)
and of Khurasan (Iran) |
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The
niece of Kublai Khan, and relished the military life and loved combat.
She even impressed Marco Polo who described her as so strong and brave
that in all of her father's army no man could out do her in feats of
strength. She never did marry. She accompanied her father on all of
his campaigns. |
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1252-61 Regent Dowager Khanum Organa Hatum of the Khanate of
the Eastern Turkiut (Xinjiang), of Qara Khitai (China, Mongolia,
Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan) and of Khurasan (Iran)
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Also known as Oroqina Khatun or Orqina Khatum, she was head of the Ghafa Sid Horde (or Qara Khitai/ Chagataiid Horde) and
ruled over a vast territory after the death of Qara Hulegu as
successor of Qara Hulegu, who reigned 1247-52 and 1252. She was
succeeded by Khan Alughu. She was a Nestorian Christian and was
often mentioned as a great benefactor of
the Christian faith by contemporary Western historians. |
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Ca.
1252/53 Sovereign Countess Sophie von Ravensberg in Friesland
(Germany) |
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Left the county to the Bishop of Utrecht. |
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1252-5.. Regent Dowager Princess Lucienne de
Cacammo-Segni of Antiochia and Tripoli (Lebanon) |
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Reigned in the name of her son Boemond VI (1237-75), until she was removed from
the regency. But her son was weak and she continued to be influential
during his reign, and she managed to maintain the influence of her
Roman favourites - much to the consternation of the Barons. Her
sister, Plaisance, was regent of Cypern. Lucienne was daughter of
Grafen Paolo von Cacammmo-Segni and the grandniece of Pope Innocence
III. |
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1252-81 Politically Influential Khanum Chabi of The Qagans Yuan
(Mongolia and China) |
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Assisted her husband, Mongke Khan in his reign (1251-61), and
supported Tibetan monks who began converting the Mongol elite to
Tibetan Buddhism. When Kublai conquered southern China, Chabi was
influential in preventing revenge. She took measures to maintain the
Song imperial family, to provide them with funds and a palace, not to
enslave them or kill them. |
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1253-61 (†) Regent Dowager Queen Plaisance de Antiochia of
Cyprus
1257-61 (†) Regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre (Israel) |
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At
the death of her husband, Henri of Lusignan, her son Hugh II was only
a few months old and she claimed the regency. The High Court of Cyprus
confirmed her in this position, but the Barons in the mainland, in
Akkon (what remained of the former Kingdom of Jerusalem) demanded that
she showed up herself before they would confirm her as regent. Lord
Jean d'Ibelin of Arsuf was bailiff in Jerusalem and she contemplated
marrying his son. In 1258 she tried to strengthen her position and
arrived in Tripoli with her son. The High Court of the Kingdom
assembled, and her brother, Boemond tried to be accepted as heir to
the throne of Cyprus in the absence of, grandson of Emperor Frederik
II and Queen Maria of Jerusalem, but this was rejected and the royal
family was drawn into the civil war between the Genoese, Venetians,
Hospitallers and the Templars. A majority was in favour of Plaisance's
regency, and she returned to Cyprus after having reappointed Jean
d'Ilbelin as bailiff. She was daughter of Boemond V of Antiochia and
Lucienne de Cacammo-Segni, and lived (1236-61) |
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1253-5.. Regent Dowager Princess Marguerite de Dampierre-Bourbon
of Navarra and Champagne (Spain and France) |
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Following the death of her husband, Theobald, who succeeded his father
as Count of Champagne and mother, Queen Blanca, as king of Navarra,
Marguerite was regent for her son Theobald II (also Thibaud V de
Champagne).
She (d. 1256). |
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1253-82 Rani Regnant Sri Uma Devi of Travancore (India) |
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The
Kulusekhara Dynasty of Travancore (or Tiruvankur) is of very ancient
lineage, tracing its origins to the Royal House of Vanad and dating
from 1100 AD. They attained considerable power during the reign of
Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, during the early years of the fourteenth
century. Marco Polo claimed to have visited his capital at Quilon, a
centre of commerce and trade with China and the Levant. |
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1253-54 Keeper and Governor Queen Eleanor de Provence of
England (06.08-29.05) |
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Appointed to "keep and govern the realm of England and the lands
of Wales and Ireland", with the counsel of Richard, earl of Cornwall,
when her husband since 1236, Henry III, was away in France to defend
his territories in Gascogne. She was advised by a Council, but she was
in charge of the government, even when giving birth to a daughter in
November. Eleanor was very influential during her husband's reign. Her
determined resistance to baronial reform and her key part in bringing
about the fall of Simon de Montfort's government invite new appraisal.
After her husband's death in 1271 she was the only person in the realm
anointed to the royal estate, she gave her consent to the breaking of
the old seal and making of the new and the declaration of the new
king, Edward I's peace, but she did not act as regent in the period
until Edward returned to England. As a widow she was in control of her
big dowry in Amesbury. In 1286 she entered a convent, but was still
consulted by her son, Edward I, from time to time. She was daughter of
Raymond Bergengar, count of Provence and Beatrice of Provence. Her
sister Marguerite was married to Louis IX of France, Sancha to
Richard, Earl of Cornwall and the youngest Beatrice to Charles, Count
d'Anjou. The youngest sister inherited Provence. Eleanor was mother of
nine children of whom four survived to adulthood.
She lived
(1217/23-91). |
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1253-59 Regent Dowager Countess Cecilia del Balzo of Savoy,
Moriana and Chablais, Aosta and Susa (Italy) |
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After the death of her husband, Amedeo IV, Count of Savoia, Moriana
and Chablais, Prince-Bailiff of the Duchy of Aosta and Duke of Aosta,
Marquis of Susa, Marquis in Italy and Imperial Vicar in "All of
Italy", she was regent for her son, Bonifacio I (1244-63) in all his
territories. Her stepdaughters, Beatrice and Margherita were invested
with a number of lordships from the family possessions. (1275). |
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1253-59 Lady Beatrice di Savoia of Busca, Roncaglia, Fontanile
and Scarnafiggi (Italy) |
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Oldest daughter of Count Amedeo IV of Savoy and his first wife, Anne
di Borgogna, and was first married to Manfredo III Marchese di Saluzzo
and then to Manfredi I Hohenstaufen, King of Sicily. Her half-brother,
Bonifacio I, was Count of Savoy etc.
(1244-53-63). She
(d. 1259). |
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1253-54 Lady Margherita di Savoia of delle Valli di Matthie,
Collegno e Pianezza (Italy) |
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Like her sister she was invested with a number of Lordships after the
death of their father, Count Amedeo IV of Savoy. She was married to
Bonifacio II Marchese del Monferrato (d. 1253), and (d. 1254).
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1253 Hereditary Countess Adelheid von Tirol (Austria) |
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Daughter of Count Albrecht IV and Uta von Fronthausen, her husband
Meinhard III von Görtz became Count of Tirol. She died (1275/79). |
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1253-1305 Countess Abbess Margarete I von Plessen of
Gandersheim (Germany) |
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The
protection by a Marshall of the chapter (Schutzvogtei) ended in 1259,
and the chapter of the realm thereby reached the height of its power.
Margarete I was born as "Edle Frau" or Noble Lady. |
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1253-60
Reigning
Abbess-General Elvira
Fernández
of
the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
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By
the favour of the king, she was invested with almost royal prerogatives,
and exercised an unlimited secular authority over more than fifty
villages. |
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1254-63 Reigning Dowager Duchess Anna of Mačva (Serbia)
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In
the Middle Ages Macva was part of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria,
Hungary, and Serbia. During the Hungarian rule the region was
territory of several powerful bans.
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1254-62 Sovereign Countess Mahaut II de Dampierre of Tonnerre
1257-62 Sovereign Countess of Auxerre,
and Nevers, Dame de Bourbon, Perche-Goët, Montjoy,
Thorigny, Broigny, et de Saint-Aignan, Baroness
de Donzy (France) |
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Also known as Mathilde II, she was
daughter of Yolande de Châtillon-sur-Marne and Archambault IX de
Dampierre, Seigneur de Bourbon - Count and Countess of Tonnerre. She succeeded her grandmother, Mahaut
I, (Countess of Nevers 1199, Countess of Auxerre and Tonnerre 1219)
in the other posessions, and was joint ruler with her husband Eudes de Bourgogne (d. 1269).
After her death in 1262, her husband administered the counties
until his death, and after that they remained vacant until her three
daughters received their inheritance in 1273. Alix de Bourgogne became
Countess of Auxerre; Yolande became Countess of Nevers and Marguerite
Countess of Tonnerre.
Mahaut lived (1249-62). |
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1255-57 Regent Dowager Khanum Boraqcin of Hwarizim Sahi (or the
Khanate of Kipchak) (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) |
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When her husband, Batu, who was khan (1227-55), died
his son and heir, Sartaq, had gone to pay court to Grand Khan Mongka,
his father's friend. But he died before he could return home to the
Khanate of Kipchak. Mongka nominated the young prince Ulagci, who was
either the brother or son of Sartaq and she became regent of the
Mongol tribe (The Golden Horde) in West Turkistan, roughly covering
present day Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
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1255-70 Hereditary Countess Margaretha von Hohenstaufen of
Altenburg, Zwickau, Chemnitz etc.
(Germany) |
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Daughter of Emperor Friedrich II Hohenstaufen and Isabella of England.
She married Albrecht II von Thüringen, who committed adultery with
Kunigunde von Eisenberg. Margaretha escaped to Frankfurt where she
died after 6 weeks.
She lived
(1241-70). |
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1255.... Regent Dowager Duchess Catherine van Limburg of
Haute-Lorraine (Ober-Lothringen) (France) |
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As
widow of Duke Matthias II, she was regent for her son, Friedrich III
(1238-1303). Her rule was marked by the fightings between Bar,
Luxembourg and Champagne who all claimed the lordship of Ligny and she
also engaged in fighting with Neufchatel in Switzerland. In 1255 her
son was declared free of her guardianship, and she died shortly after.
She was daughter of Walram IV of Limburg-Luxemburg and Ermensinde II
of Luxembourg, lived (Ca. 1215-ca.
1255). |
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1255 Princess-Abbess Elisabeth I of Frauenmünster, Dame
of Zürich (Switzerland) |
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The
Ecclesiastical Territory included the City of Zürich and many
possessions in Uri Schwyz. |
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1255-1269 Princess-Abbess Machtild III von Wunnenberg of
Frauenmünster, Dame of Zürich (Switzerland)
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Member of a noble family, which held lordships in both Switzerland and
Germany. |
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1256-98
Margravine Regnant Isabella van Luxembourg of Namour/Namen
(Belgium) |
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Daughter of Hendrik V and Marguerite de Bar and succeeded after a
succession between her father and Guy de Dampierre, her later husband
and they co-ruled the Margravate. Mother of three children, and lived
(1247-98). |
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1257-82 Regent Dowager Sultan Turhan Hatun 'Ismat ad-Duyan
Wa’l-Din of Qutlug Khan (Iran) |
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Also known as Qutlug or Kutlugh, she ruled as regent for son Sultan
Haggag (Hağğağ) until 1267, and afterwards alone. She had the khutba
(prayer for the sovereign) proclaimed in the mosques, the ultimate
sign of legitimate reign. She was deposed by Ahmad Teguder and
replaced by her stepson as ruler of Qutluq Khan or Kirman. Her
daughter, Padisha, later reigned the Kingdom of Kirman.
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1257-80 Dame Margaretha de Brabant of Mechelen and Antwerpen
(Belgium) |
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Also known as Marguerite, she was second daughter of Duke Jean III de Brabant and married to Louis de
Male, count of Flanders, Nevers und Rethel. After the Brabrandian
succession-war she got the title of Dame de Mechelen and Antwerpen.
She was heiress-presumptive of Limburg and Brabant after her sister,
Duchess Jeanne. Mother of Margaretha II de Male, who succeeded her
aunt. She lived (1323-80). |
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1257-59 Reigning Abbess Kühnheit Pinzinger of Niedermünster in
Regensburg (Germany) |
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The
chapter had been placed directly under the king as the other states in
Germany in 1002 and was granted royal protection and, immunity. |
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1258-66 Regent Dowager Countess Aleid van Holland of Holland
and Zeeland (The Netherlands)
1280-84 Regent of Hainault (Belgium) |
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Also known as
Aleydis or
Aleid van Avesnes. Even though his mother was still alive, she became
regent for her
nephew Floris V after the death of her brother, Willem II. Another nephew, Henri III of Brabant, was
joint regent until his death in 1261.
Her rule was opposed by her brother
Floris and and Countess Margaretha van Vlaanderen, and she sought help
by Otto II van Gelre, but he deposed her instead. After that Floris V
took over the government in 1266 he made a deal with her over her
dowry and continued to seek advice by her.
Her son Jan II of Hainault became count of Holland 1299
after having been regent for Floris V's son Jan I (b. 1284-96-99).
She was
daughter of Floris IV,
Count of Holland (1210-1234), and Machteld Duchess van Brabant (ca.
1200-1267), and had been married to Jan I, graaf van Avesnes (d.
1257), and lived
(Ca. 1230-84). |
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1259-66 Regent Dowager Queen Margrethe Sambiria of
Denmark
1266-82 Reigning Dowager Lady of Estonia and Virland and of Lolland-Falster |
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Also known as Margrethe Sprænghest, she was regent for her son Erik 5. Klipping after the death of her husband, Christoffer I. She fought
against the powerful Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen. In 1261 she and her
son were taken prisoner in Germany. The next year she returned
together with Albrecht of Braunshweig and Erlandsen left the country.
She managed to persuade Pope to accept the idea of female succession
to the Danish throne, though not to her daughters having
succession-rights before male relatives in other lines. Estonia was
her dowry which she controlled from Lolland-Falster another Dowry in
the South of Denmark. Remained influential to her death. She was daughter of Duke Sambor I of Pomerania and Mechtilde of Mecklenburg. lived ca.
(1230-82). |
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1259 Regent Princess Rudradeva of Kakatiyas (India)
1262-95/96 Rani Regnant |
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Originally named Rudramba, she was the eldest daughter of Emperor
Ganapati in Andhra. She was formally designated as a son through the
ancient Putrika ceremony and given the male name of Rudradeva and
declared the queen-designate. She was trained in horse riding,
fighting and military tactics. After her father's death, she ruled her
empire ably, winning battles. She was succeeded by grandson, Ptatapa
who had been co-ruler since before 1293. Her sister Ganapamba was the
joint sovereign of Guntur with her husband. After 1251 the sister was
titled Mahamandalesvara, indicating individual reign. |
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1259-? Reigning Abbess Jutta of Obermünster in Regensburg
(Germany) |
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It
is not known how long time she reigned but Gertrud II who took over as
head of the state in 1265. |
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1259-61 and 1271-73 Reigning Abbess Wilburg von Lobsingen of
Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany) |
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Possibly Acting Head of the State in 1257. Her family, the nobles von Lobsingen, had been in charge of the castle of
Lobsingen for four generations from 1133 until 1277. |
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1260-62 Regent Dowager Princess Turhan Hatun of Banu-Salgar
(Iran) |
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In
1260 the Mongol Empire was fragmented into four states: The Golden
Horde in the West, Il-Khans in Persia, The Chagatai Empire in
Mongolia, and Kublai Khan in China. The Mongols in Persia were further
divided into a number of smaller states in addition to the Il-Khans.
One of them was Banu-Salgar. |
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1260-1300 Sovereign Viscountess Alix I de Dreux of Chateaudun,
Dame de Mondoubleau and Saint Calais (France) |
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Succeeded mother, Clémence de Chateaudun, and reigned under the
regency of her uncle, Simon de Dreux, the brother of her father,
Robert de Dreux. She married Raoul de Clermont, Seigneur de Nesle, who
died in battle 1302. She was succeeded by her only daughter, Alix II,
and lived (1255-1300). |
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1260/70 Regent Dowager Countess Béatrix de Savoie
of
Viennois, d'Albon, Grenoble and Gap (France) |
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Following the death of her husband, Guigues VII, Dauphin de Viennois,
Comte d'Albon et Grenoble (Ca. 1225-1269/70) she was regent for son,
Jean. She was Dame de Faucigny in her own right and lived (ca.
1237-1310). |
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ca.
1260-65 Sovereign Countess
Adélaïde de Brabant of
Boulogne (France) |
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When her cousin,
Mahaut II de Dammartin, died without direct heirs, the Parlement de
Paris decided in her favour among the various possible heirs. She was
daughter of Mathilde de Boulogne and Henri I de Brabant and widow of
Guillaume X de Clermont, comte
d'Auvergne and her son Robert, Comte de Auvergne (ca. 1225-47-77)
became co-ruler in her lifetime and succeeded upon her death. She
lived (ca. 1190-1265). |
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1260-1314 Reigning Dowager Lady Dowager Countess Margarete von von Are-Hostaden
of the County of Hückeswagen in Berg (Germany) |
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Wife of Adolf IV.
von Berg (1246-59). Daughter of Count
Lothar I von Are-Hochstaden and Mathilde von Vianden, mother of 5 sons
and 1 daughter, and lived (1214-1314). |
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1260-75 Countess-Abbess Gertrudis I von Anhalt of Gernrode and
Frose
(Germany) |
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Also known as Gertrud, she was daughter of Count Heinrich I of Anhalt
and Irmgard von Thüringen. |
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1260-62
Reigning
Abbess-General Eva
of
the Royal Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
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Like Bishops, she held her own courts, in civil and criminal
cases, granted letters dismissorial for ordination, and issued
licenses authorizing priests, within the limits of her abbatial
jurisdiction, to hear confessions, to preach, and to engage in the
cure of souls. |
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1261-67 De Facto Ruler Queen Maria Laskarina of Hungary in
Croatia and Dalmatia |
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Married to King Bela IV of Hungary (1235-70), she used much of his
reign trying to curtail the power of the magnates and set out to
recover the crown lands his father had given to supporters. Confronted
by the menace of the Mongol invasion, he sent unheeded appeals to
Pope Gregory IX and Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, but he was
defeated in 1241. Returning after the withdrawal of the invaders, he
repopulated the country by inviting foreign colonization. Bela's long
struggle with Ottocar II, king of Bohemia, for Austria and Styria
ended in defeat in 1260. His last years were disturbed by the
rebellion of his son, King Stephen V (1270-72), who forced him to
share the kingdom. Maria was involved in the struggle and was de-facto
ruler of parts of the kingdom. She was born as Princess of Nicaea and
(d. 1270). |
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1261-85 Politically Influential Queen Kunigunda Rostislavna of Kiev of
Bohemia (Czech Republic) |
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A dominant force during the reign of her husband, King Otakar II
of Bohemia, who had dicored his first wife, Margrethe von Habsburg who
was unable to have children. Kunigunda was especially influential when
it came to the politics towards Hungary. After his death she tried
to convince both King Rudolf von Habsburg and Otto V. von
Brandenburg, who had been named guardians for her son Vaclav
(1271-1305), that her late husband had designated her as guard and
regent of the realm. She made a truce with Rudolf, but Otto took her
and her son prisoner and took control over Bohemia. Rudolf attacked
Otto and she was released together with her son, and was in charge
of only the province surrounding Prauge. In 1284 she married
Count Zawisch von Falkenstejn and Rozmberk, who acted as the real ruler after
Vaclav was released from the regency in 1283 at the age of 12.
Kunigunde was daughter of Grand Prince Rostislaw II of Kiev and Anna
of Hungary, and lived (ca. 1245-85). |
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1261-63
Regent Dowager Princess
Terken
Khatun of Fars (Iran) |
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After the death of her husband, Atabeg Sa'd II bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'd
bin Zangi, she was duly confirmed by ruler of Fars by the Ilkhan Hülegü. She then married a kinsman, presumably as part of some now
forgotten dynastic pact, but he killed her in a drunken frenzy and
subsequently rebelled against the Ilkhan. After his defeat and death in
1263/64, Hülegü nominated her infant daughter, Abish Khatun to
be the ruler of Fars. |
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1261-82 Sovereign Countess Marguerite I of Bourgogne (France) |
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Succeeded son of her sister Jeanne II. Marguerite I married Louis II,
Count of Flanders. The husbands of her daughter, Marguerite: Philippe
de Rouvre and Philippe de France were Dukes of Bourgogne in the same
period. |
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1261-ca. 64
Hereditary Countess Heilwig von Tecklenburg (Germany) |
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Daughter of Count
Otto I. von Tecklenburg and Mechthild von Holstein-Schauenburg and
married to Otto II von Bentheim-Tecklenburg (d. ca. 1279).
Her
oldest son was Otto III of Tecklenburg, the second Ekbert I. of
Bentheim and her daughter Gertrud was Abbess of Metelen from 1287
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1261-62 Reigning Abbess Tutta IV von Putingen of Niedermünster
in Regensburg (Germany) |
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At
the time Regensburg was the major city of Germany and the seat of the
Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. |
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1262-73 Reigning Abbess Gertrud II von Stein of Niedermünster
in Regensburg (Germany) |
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Member of a Bavarian freiherrliche (free lord) family. |
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1262-88 Sovereign Countess Agnes de Dampierre of Bourbon
(France) |
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Succeeded sister, Mahaut II and reigned jointly with husbands Jean de
Bourgogne (d. 1268) and Robert I d'Artois. Succeeded by daughter
Béatrix de Bourgogne. |
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1262-90 Sovereign Countess Alix de Bourgogne of Auxerre
(France) |
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Youngest daughter of Mahaut II and succe she was joint ruler with husband Jean
I de Châlons, sire de Rochefort (1243-76-90-1309), who was succeeded
by their son, Guillaume de Châlon-Auxerre, after her death. Alix lived
(1251-90). |
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1262–Ca. 1270 Regent Dowager Duchess Perejasława Halicka of
Mazowsze
1270 –76/79 Co-Ruler of Mazowsze (Poland) |
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After the death of her husband Duke Siemowit I of Masovia, she was
regent for sons Bolesław II and Konrad II and afterwards joint ruler
with them. She was daughter of king Daniel of Halicz (in present day
Ukraine). (d.
1283). |
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1262-... Sovereign Countess Grapela dalle Carceri of The First
Triarchy of Euboea (Greece) |
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Succeeded by Gaetano. |
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1262-93 Sovereign Lady Isabelle de Reviers of The Isle of
Wright (United Kingdom) |
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Other versions of her surname were de Redvers or de Vernon. She
succeeded brother. After the death of her husband, William de Fortibus,
Earl of Albemarle, she was styled Countess of Albemarle and Devon and
Lady of the Isle of Wight. Her chief residence was Carisbrooke Castle.
She was mother of 3 sons, John, Thomas and William, and 2 daughters,
Alice and Aveline, who survived her sister and the brothers. King
Edward I negotiated the purchase of the Island with Isabella, who
sealed the conveyance on her deathbed, but its validity was questioned
in parliament. Edward eventually managed to purchase the Island for
the sum of 6.000 marks and appointed wardens over it. |
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1262-.. Princess-Abbess Mathilde IV von Hardenberg of Essen
(Germany) |
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Succeeded by Agata, or Hemelburg von Hardenberg, but it is not
known when. |
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1262-66
Reigning
Abbess-GeneralUrraca
Alfonso
of
the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
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In virtue of her office as Abbess she was privileged also to confirm Abbesses, to impose censures, and to convoke synods. |
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1263-64 Regent Dowager Princess Isabella de Soissons of Acre
(Lebanon) |
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Reigned in the name of her son, Conradin.
Her mother, Alix de Champagne was regent of Jerusalem (1243-46).
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1263-64 (†) Regent Princess Isabella of Cyprus |
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When Queen Plaisance of Cypern died in 1261 her son Hugo II was eight
years old, at first Isabella's son was appointed regent because the
Supreme Court thought a man would be a better regent than a woman, but
in 1263 Isabella and her husband, Henri de Poitou of Antiochia (d.
1276), came to Cyprus and the nobles payed homage to her as regent, but she
died the following year. As the younger daughter of King Hugo I
Lusignan of Cypern and Alice de Champagne-Blois she was Heiress
Presumptive of Jerusalem, since her mother was the daughter and
Heiress Presumptive of King Henri I of Jerusalem and Princess Isabella
d'Anjou of Jerusalem. Isabella's oldest son, Hugo III, was king of
Cyprus (1235-84) and her daughter, Marguerite Titular-Princess of
Antiochia and Lady of Tyros and lived (before 1244-1308) and married
to Jean de Montfort, Lord of Tyros (d. 1289). Isabella lived (ca.
1215-64). |
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1263-75 Atabeg Regnant Abisha Hadud Khatun of Fars (Iran)
1283-87 Governor of Fars |
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Also known as Abish Khatun or
Aubee Khatton,
she was nominated as ruler by the Ilkhan of the Khwarazham Empire in
Persi, after her mother, Terken Khatun, was killed. Her
name was read in the khutha and struck on
the coinage.
In 1274, when she was about fifteen, she was taken to the Ilkhan's ordu
(Court), and married to Tash-Möngke (Mengü Temür), a younger son of
Hülegü This was a marriage, forbidden in
Islamic law, between a Muslim woman and a shamanist, but presumably the will
of the Ilkhan transcended all other considerations. She became his chief
wife and had two daughters by him, Kürdüjin and Alghanchi. When her husband
was sent as governor to Fars, she was retained in the ordu, but 1283, the new Ilkhan, Ahmad Tegüder (1282-84), recalled him from
Shiraz and appointed her in his place. Her financial
recklessness, coinciding with a drought throughout Fars, meant that she
defaulted on her revenue payments, so that Ahmad Tegüder's successor, Arghun
(1284-91), ordered her to appear at the ordu. Perhaps relying
on the good offices of Öljei Khatun, Hülegü's widow, to protect her from the
Ilkhan's wrath, she declined to go and behaved outrageously toward the
officials sent to supersede her. She was eventually forced to capitulate and
submitted to the Ilkhan (Öljei Khatun did indeed intercede for her), dying at
the ordu in 1287, after having lived (ca. 1269-87). |
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1263-91 Sovereign Countess Marie of Limoges (France) |
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Succeeded father Gui VI le Preux and reigned jointly with husband Duke
Arthur de Bretagne (from 1305). He was succeeded in Limonges by their
son, Jean I in 1301. |
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1264 and 1274-76 Regent Dowager Empress Xie Qingdau of China |
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Following the death of her husband, Emperor Lizong (1224-1264) she
became regent for his nephew, Emperor Duzong (1264-1274). After his
death she again took over the leadership, this time for his son,
Gongdi (1274-76). The Mongols conquered parts of the territory and
massacred the population and in order to prevent further bloodshed she
decided to surrender. The terms were negotiated over three months and
on February 21, 1276, the young Song emperor assembled a few officials
to make obeisance to the North in the Yuan capital Dadu (Beijing). The
Song imperial family was taken captive. Due to serious illness, Xie
left Hangzhou several months later. The entourage traveled for two
months and arrived at Dadu from where they journeyed to the Yuan
emperor's summer residence. There, they were received by a grand feast
and stripped of their titles. Xie was given tax-free property in Dadu
where she lived until her death She lived (1210-1276). |
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1264-82 Sovereign Dame Isabella of Beirut (Lebanon)
1277-82 Dame de la Roche-sur-l’Ognon |
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Eldest daughter of John II of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut and Alice de la
Roche of Athens. As a child she was married to child-King of Cyprus, Hugh II,
who died 1267. She had an affair with Julian of Sidon, and a papal
bull was issued urging her to marry, but as an act of defiance,
Isabella gave herself and her lordship to an Englishman Hamo
L'Estrange. On his death in 1273, she put herself and her fief under
the protection of Barbers. Hugh of Cyprus tried to carry her off.
Isabella returned to Beirut, but this time with a Mameluk guard
installed to protect her. On the death of Barbers, Hugh resumed
control of the fief. Isabella married twice more (Nicholas L'Aleman
and William Barlais) before her death. Succeeded by her sister Eschiva,
wife of Humphrey of Montfort. She lived (Ca. 1245/50 or 1252-82). |
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1264-77 Sovereign Dame Alice de la Roche of Roche-sur-l’Ognon
(Lebanon)
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Succeeded her husband, Jean II de Ibelin (1264) and was succeeded by
daughter Isabella. |
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1265-80 Sovereign Countess Yolande de Bourgogne of Nevers
(France/Belgium) |
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Daughter of Eudes de Bourgogne and Mahaut II de Bourgogne of Auxerre,
Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre, and reigned jointly with her first
husband Jean Tristan de France, Count de Nevers and Valois (1250-70),
the son of king Louis IX (1215-70) and Marguerite de Provence. After
Jean's death she reigned jointly with her second husband, Robert de Dampierre, Count de Flanders (1280-1332). Yolande's sisters succeeded
in Auxerre and Tonnerre. |
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1265-97 Sovereign Baroness and Dame Isabelle of Beaujeu
(France) |
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The
daughter of Humbert V, who was killed in Egypt 1250, and Marguerite de
Bauge, Dame de Miribel (d. ca 1252), she succeeded her brother, and
was married to Count Simon II de Semur-en-Brionnais, seigneur de Luzy;
and Renaud d'Albon, Count de Forez. Another of her sisters, Sibylle,
was Dame de Belleroche.
Isabelle (d. 1297). |
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1265-?
Reigning Abbess Gertrud II of Obermünster in Regensburg
(Germany) |
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Her
background is not known. |
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1265-76
Reigning Abbess
Jeanne de Dreux (de Brenne) of the Royal
Abbey of Fontevraud (France) |
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The
chapter was founded in 1101, and was unique in the way that the
community was placed directly under the Pope and the King of France.
The monks in the double-convent were commanded by a Prior under the
control of the Abbess. |
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1266-70 Regent Dowager Princess Mathilde von Braunschweig-
Lüneburg of Anhalt-Aschersleben
1275-95 Countess-Abbess Mechtildis I of Gernrode and Frose (Germany) |
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Before his death her husband, Heinrich II the Fat von
Anhalt-Aschersleben, had named her regent in the event of his death.
In the beginning she used the name "Mechtild, comitissa Ascharie et
princeps in Anehalt" in the documents, the title of "princeps" soon
went to her sons, Otto I and Heinrich III, and thereafter she did not
issue decrees, she only accepted the decisions of her sons. In 1275
she became Abbess of Gernrode and Frose, and continued as a mild and
just ruler. Daughter of Duke Otto I "the Child" of Braunschweig and
Lüneburg (1204-13-52) and Matilda of Brandenburg (d.1261), she was
mother of 7, resigned as Sovereign of the Ecclesiastical Territory,
and lived (ca.1230-ca.1297/98). |
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1266-96 Countess Lucina de Candida Pistore of Malta,
Lady of Candia |
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Also known as
Lukina, she was daughter of Guglielmo de Candia Pistore who ruled
1285-1300, but was replaced by Ruggiero de Flohr, Vice Admiral of
Sicily as Count in 1296. She then held the county as a fief of the Aragonese ruler of Sicily
. She was married to
Raimondo de Moncada and the mother of at least two sons and at least
one daughter. |
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1266-71
Reigning
Abbess-General Urraca
Martinez
of
the Royal Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
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The
Abbess of the Royal Abbey was one of the only abbesses in the history
of the Catholic church to hold quasi-episcopal powers.
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